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CPP supports two more ways of indicating that a header file should be read only once. Neither one is as portable as a wrapper `#ifndef', and we recommend you do not use them in new programs.
In the Objective-C language, there is a variant of `#include' called `#import' which includes a file, but does so at most once. If you use `#import' instead of `#include', then you don't need the conditionals inside the header file to prevent multiple inclusion of the contents. GCC permits the use of `#import' in C and C++ as well as Objective-C. However, it is not in standard C or C++ and should therefore not be used by portable programs.
`#import' is not a well designed feature. It requires the users of a header file to know that it should only be included once. It is much better for the header file's implementor to write the file so that users don't need to know this. Using a wrapper `#ifndef' accomplishes this goal.
In the present implementation, a single use of `#import' will prevent the file from ever being read again, by either `#import' or `#include'. You should not rely on this; do not use both `#import' and `#include' to refer to the same header file.
Another way to prevent a header file from being included more than once is with the `#pragma once' directive. If `#pragma once' is seen when scanning a header file, that file will never be read again, no matter what.
`#pragma once' does not have the problems that `#import' does, but it is not recognized by all preprocessors, so you cannot rely on it in a portable program.