6.14 Address Clauses

The reference manual allows a general restriction on representation clauses, as found in RM 13.1(22):

An implementation need not support representation items containing nonstatic expressions, except that an implementation should support a representation item for a given entity if each nonstatic expression in the representation item is a name that statically denotes a constant declared before the entity.

In practice this is applicable only to address clauses, since this is the only case in which a non-static expression is permitted by the syntax. As the AARM notes in sections 13.1 (22.a-22.h):

       22.a   Reason: This is to avoid the following sort of thing:
     
       22.b        X : Integer := F(...);
                   Y : Address := G(...);
                   for X'Address use Y;
     
       22.c   In the above, we have to evaluate the
              initialization expression for X before we
              know where to put the result.  This seems
              like an unreasonable implementation burden.
     
       22.d   The above code should instead be written
              like this:
     
       22.e        Y : constant Address := G(...);
                   X : Integer := F(...);
                   for X'Address use Y;
     
       22.f   This allows the expression “Y” to be safely
              evaluated before X is created.
     
       22.g   The constant could be a formal parameter of mode in.
     
       22.h   An implementation can support other nonstatic
              expressions if it wants to.  Expressions of type
              Address are hardly ever static, but their value
              might be known at compile time anyway in many
              cases.

GNAT does indeed permit many additional cases of non-static expressions. In particular, if the type involved is elementary there are no restrictions (since in this case, holding a temporary copy of the initialization value, if one is present, is inexpensive). In addition, if there is no implicit or explicit initialization, then there are no restrictions. GNAT will reject only the case where all three of these conditions hold:

• The type of the item is non-elementary (e.g. a record or array).
• There is explicit or implicit initialization required for the object. Note that access values are always implicitly initialized, and also in GNAT, certain bit-packed arrays (those having a dynamic length or a length greater than 64) will also be implicitly initialized to zero.
• The address value is non-static. Here GNAT is more permissive than the RM, and allows the address value to be the address of a previously declared stand-alone variable, as long as it does not itself have an address clause.

                       Anchor  : Some_Initialized_Type;
                       Overlay : Some_Initialized_Type;
                       for Overlay'Address use Anchor'Address;
       

  However, the prefix of the address clause cannot be an array component, or a component of a discriminated record.

As noted above in section 22.h, address values are typically non-static. In particular the To_Address function, even if applied to a literal value, is a non-static function call. To avoid this minor annoyance, GNAT provides the implementation defined attribute 'To_Address. The following two expressions have identical values:

        To_Address (16#1234_0000#)
        System'To_Address (16#1234_0000#);

except that the second form is considered to be a static expression, and thus when used as an address clause value is always permitted.

Additionally, GNAT treats as static an address clause that is an unchecked_conversion of a static integer value. This simplifies the porting of legacy code, and provides a portable equivalent to the GNAT attribute To_Address.

Another issue with address clauses is the interaction with alignment requirements. When an address clause is given for an object, the address value must be consistent with the alignment of the object (which is usually the same as the alignment of the type of the object). If an address clause is given that specifies an inappropriately aligned address value, then the program execution is erroneous.

Since this source of erroneous behavior can have unfortunate effects, GNAT checks (at compile time if possible, generating a warning, or at execution time with a run-time check) that the alignment is appropriate. If the run-time check fails, then Program_Error is raised. This run-time check is suppressed if range checks are suppressed, or if pragma Restrictions (No_Elaboration_Code) is in effect.

An address clause cannot be given for an exported object. More understandably the real restriction is that objects with an address clause cannot be exported. This is because such variables are not defined by the Ada program, so there is no external object to export.

It is permissible to give an address clause and a pragma Import for the same object. In this case, the variable is not really defined by the Ada program, so there is no external symbol to be linked. The link name and the external name are ignored in this case. The reason that we allow this combination is that it provides a useful idiom to avoid unwanted initializations on objects with address clauses.

When an address clause is given for an object that has implicit or explicit initialization, then by default initialization takes place. This means that the effect of the object declaration is to overwrite the memory at the specified address. This is almost always not what the programmer wants, so GNAT will output a warning:

       with System;
       package G is
          type R is record
             M : Integer := 0;
          end record;
     
          Ext : R;
          for Ext'Address use System'To_Address (16#1234_1234#);
              |
       >>> warning: implicit initialization of "Ext" may
           modify overlaid storage
       >>> warning: use pragma Import for "Ext" to suppress
           initialization (RM B(24))
     
       end G;

As indicated by the warning message, the solution is to use a (dummy) pragma Import to suppress this initialization. The pragma tell the compiler that the object is declared and initialized elsewhere. The following package compiles without warnings (and the initialization is suppressed):

        with System;
        package G is
           type R is record
              M : Integer := 0;
           end record;
     
           Ext : R;
           for Ext'Address use System'To_Address (16#1234_1234#);
           pragma Import (Ada, Ext);
        end G;

A final issue with address clauses involves their use for overlaying variables, as in the following example:

       A : Integer;
       B : Integer;
       for B'Address use A'Address;

or alternatively, using the form recommended by the RM:

       A    : Integer;
       Addr : constant Address := A'Address;
       B    : Integer;
       for B'Address use Addr;

In both of these cases, A and B become aliased to one another via the address clause. This use of address clauses to overlay variables, achieving an effect similar to unchecked conversion was erroneous in Ada 83, but in Ada 95 the effect is implementation defined. Furthermore, the Ada 95 RM specifically recommends that in a situation like this, B should be subject to the following implementation advice (RM 13.3(19)):

19 If the Address of an object is specified, or it is imported or exported, then the implementation should not perform optimizations based on assumptions of no aliases.

GNAT follows this recommendation, and goes further by also applying this recommendation to the overlaid variable (A in the above example) in this case. This means that the overlay works "as expected", in that a modification to one of the variables will affect the value of the other.