6.1 Alignment Clauses

GNAT requires that all alignment clauses specify a power of 2, and all default alignments are always a power of 2. The default alignment values are as follows:

• Primitive Types. For primitive types, the alignment is the minimum of the actual size of objects of the type divided by Storage_Unit, and the maximum alignment supported by the target. (This maximum alignment is given by the GNAT-specific attribute Standard'Maximum_Alignment; see Maximum_Alignment.) For example, for type Long_Float, the object size is 8 bytes, and the default alignment will be 8 on any target that supports alignments this large, but on some targets, the maximum alignment may be smaller than 8, in which case objects of type Long_Float will be maximally aligned.
• Arrays. For arrays, the alignment is equal to the alignment of the component type for the normal case where no packing or component size is given. If the array is packed, and the packing is effective (see separate section on packed arrays), then the alignment will be one for long packed arrays, or arrays whose length is not known at compile time. For short packed arrays, which are handled internally as modular types, the alignment will be as described for primitive types, e.g. a packed array of length 31 bits will have an object size of four bytes, and an alignment of 4.
• Records. For the normal non-packed case, the alignment of a record is equal to the maximum alignment of any of its components. For tagged records, this includes the implicit access type used for the tag. If a pragma Pack is used and all fields are packable (see separate section on pragma Pack), then the resulting alignment is 1.

  A special case is when:

  • the size of the record is given explicitly, or a full record representation clause is given, and
  • the size of the record is 2, 4, or 8 bytes.
  In this case, an alignment is chosen to match the size of the record. For example, if we have:

               type Small is record
                  A, B : Character;
               end record;
               for Small'Size use 16;
       

  then the default alignment of the record type Small is 2, not 1. This leads to more efficient code when the record is treated as a unit, and also allows the type to specified as Atomic on architectures requiring strict alignment.

An alignment clause may always specify a larger alignment than the default value, up to some maximum value dependent on the target (obtainable by using the attribute reference Standard'Maximum_Alignment). The only case where it is permissible to specify a smaller alignment than the default value is for a record with a record representation clause. In this case, packable fields for which a component clause is given still result in a default alignment corresponding to the original type, but this may be overridden, since these components in fact only require an alignment of one byte. For example, given

       type V is record
          A : Integer;
       end record;
     
       for V use record
          A at 0  range 0 .. 31;
       end record;
     
       for V'alignment use 1;

The default alignment for the type V is 4, as a result of the Integer field in the record, but since this field is placed with a component clause, it is permissible, as shown, to override the default alignment of the record with a smaller value.