10.2 A Simple Example of Inline Assembler

The following example will generate a single assembly language statement, nop, which does nothing. Despite its lack of run-time effect, the example will be useful in illustrating the basics of the Inline Assembler facility.

with System.Machine_Code; use System.Machine_Code;
procedure Nothing is
begin
   Asm ("nop");
end Nothing;

Asm is a procedure declared in package System.Machine_Code; here it takes one parameter, a `template string' that must be a static expression and that will form the generated instruction. Asm may be regarded as a compile-time procedure that parses the template string and additional parameters (none here), from which it generates a sequence of assembly language instructions.

The examples in this chapter will illustrate several of the forms for invoking Asm; a complete specification of the syntax is found in the Machine_Code_Insertions section of the GNAT Reference Manual.

Under the standard GNAT conventions, the Nothing procedure should be in a file named nothing.adb. You can build the executable in the usual way:

$ gnatmake nothing

However, the interesting aspect of this example is not its run-time behavior but rather the generated assembly code. To see this output, invoke the compiler as follows:

$  gcc -c -S -fomit-frame-pointer -gnatp nothing.adb

where the options are:

• *

  -c

  compile only (no bind or link)

• *

  -S

  generate assembler listing

• *

  -fomit-frame-pointer

  do not set up separate stack frames

• *

  -gnatp

  do not add runtime checks

This gives a human-readable assembler version of the code. The resulting file will have the same name as the Ada source file, but with a .s extension. In our example, the file nothing.s has the following contents:

.file "nothing.adb"
gcc2_compiled.:
___gnu_compiled_ada:
.text
   .align 4
.globl __ada_nothing
__ada_nothing:
#APP
   nop
#NO_APP
   jmp L1
   .align 2,0x90
L1:
   ret

The assembly code you included is clearly indicated by the compiler, between the #APP and #NO_APP delimiters. The character before the ’APP’ and ’NOAPP’ can differ on different targets. For example, GNU/Linux uses ’#APP’ while on NT you will see ’/APP’.

If you make a mistake in your assembler code (such as using the wrong size modifier, or using a wrong operand for the instruction) GNAT will report this error in a temporary file, which will be deleted when the compilation is finished. Generating an assembler file will help in such cases, since you can assemble this file separately using the `as' assembler that comes with gcc.

Assembling the file using the command

$ as nothing.s

will give you error messages whose lines correspond to the assembler input file, so you can easily find and correct any mistakes you made. If there are no errors, `as' will generate an object file nothing.out.