GNAT User’s Guide for Native Platforms: Alphabetical List of All Switches

4.3.1 Alphabetical List of All Switches

-b `target': Compile your program to run on target, which is the name of a system configuration. You must have a GNAT cross-compiler built if target is not the same as your host system.

-B`dir': Load compiler executables (for example, gnat1, the Ada compiler) from dir instead of the default location. Only use this switch when multiple versions of the GNAT compiler are available. See the "Options for Directory Search" section in the Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) manual for further details. You would normally use the `-b' or `-V' switch instead.

-c

Compile. Always use this switch when compiling Ada programs.

Note: for some other languages when using `gcc', notably in the case of C and C++, it is possible to use use `gcc' without a `-c' switch to compile and link in one step. In the case of GNAT, you cannot use this approach, because the binder must be run and `gcc' cannot be used to run the GNAT binder.

-fcallgraph-info[=su,da]: Makes the compiler output callgraph information for the program, on a per-file basis. The information is generated in the VCG format. It can be decorated with additional, per-node and/or per-edge information, if a list of comma-separated markers is additionally specified. When the su marker is specified, the callgraph is decorated with stack usage information; it is equivalent to `-fstack-usage'. When the da marker is specified, the callgraph is decorated with information about dynamically allocated objects.

-fdump-scos: Generates SCO (Source Coverage Obligation) information in the ALI file. This information is used by advanced coverage tools. See unit SCOs in the compiler sources for details in files scos.ads and scos.adb.

-fdump-xref: Generates cross reference information in GLI files for C and C++ sources. The GLI files have the same syntax as the ALI files for Ada, and can be used for source navigation in IDEs and on the command line using e.g. gnatxref and the `–ext=gli' switch.

-flto[=`n']: Enables Link Time Optimization. This switch must be used in conjunction with the traditional `-Ox' switches and instructs the compiler to defer most optimizations until the link stage. The advantage of this approach is that the compiler can do a whole-program analysis and choose the best interprocedural optimization strategy based on a complete view of the program, instead of a fragmentary view with the usual approach. This can also speed up the compilation of big programs and reduce the size of the executable, compared with a traditional per-unit compilation with inlining across modules enabled by the `-gnatn' switch. The drawback of this approach is that it may require more memory and that the debugging information generated by -g with it might be hardly usable. The switch, as well as the accompanying `-Ox' switches, must be specified both for the compilation and the link phases. If the n parameter is specified, the optimization and final code generation at link time are executed using n parallel jobs by means of an installed `make' program.

-fno-inline: Suppresses all inlining, unless requested with pragma Inline_Always. The effect is enforced regardless of other optimization or inlining switches. Note that inlining can also be suppressed on a finer-grained basis with pragma No_Inline.

-fno-inline-functions: Suppresses automatic inlining of subprograms, which is enabled if `-O3' is used.

-fno-inline-small-functions: Suppresses automatic inlining of small subprograms, which is enabled if `-O2' is used.

-fno-inline-functions-called-once: Suppresses inlining of subprograms local to the unit and called once from within it, which is enabled if `-O1' is used.

-fno-ivopts: Suppresses high-level loop induction variable optimizations, which are enabled if `-O1' is used. These optimizations are generally profitable but, for some specific cases of loops with numerous uses of the iteration variable that follow a common pattern, they may end up destroying the regularity that could be exploited at a lower level and thus producing inferior code.

-fno-strict-aliasing: Causes the compiler to avoid assumptions regarding non-aliasing of objects of different types. See Optimization and Strict Aliasing for details.

-fno-strict-overflow: Causes the compiler to avoid assumptions regarding the rules of signed integer overflow. These rules specify that signed integer overflow will result in a Constraint_Error exception at run time and are enforced in default mode by the compiler, so this switch should not be necessary in normal operating mode. It might be useful in conjunction with `-gnato0' for very peculiar cases of low-level programming.

-fstack-check: Activates stack checking. See Stack Overflow Checking for details.

-fstack-usage: Makes the compiler output stack usage information for the program, on a per-subprogram basis. See Static Stack Usage Analysis for details.

-g: Generate debugging information. This information is stored in the object file and copied from there to the final executable file by the linker, where it can be read by the debugger. You must use the `-g' switch if you plan on using the debugger.

-gnat05: Allow full Ada 2005 features.

-gnat12: Allow full Ada 2012 features.

-gnat2005: Allow full Ada 2005 features (same as `-gnat05')

-gnat2012: Allow full Ada 2012 features (same as `-gnat12')
-gnat83: Enforce Ada 83 restrictions.

-gnat95

Enforce Ada 95 restrictions.

Note: for compatibility with some Ada 95 compilers which support only the overriding keyword of Ada 2005, the `-gnatd.D' switch can be used along with `-gnat95' to achieve a similar effect with GNAT.

`-gnatd.D' instructs GNAT to consider overriding as a keyword and handle its associated semantic checks, even in Ada 95 mode.

-gnata: Assertions enabled. Pragma Assert and pragma Debug to be activated. Note that these pragmas can also be controlled using the configuration pragmas Assertion_Policy and Debug_Policy. It also activates pragmas Check, Precondition, and Postcondition. Note that these pragmas can also be controlled using the configuration pragma Check_Policy. In Ada 2012, it also activates all assertions defined in the RM as aspects: preconditions, postconditions, type invariants and (sub)type predicates. In all Ada modes, corresponding pragmas for type invariants and (sub)type predicates are also activated. The default is that all these assertions are disabled, and have no effect, other than being checked for syntactic validity, and in the case of subtype predicates, constructions such as membership tests still test predicates even if assertions are turned off.

-gnatA: Avoid processing gnat.adc. If a gnat.adc file is present, it will be ignored.

-gnatb: Generate brief messages to stderr even if verbose mode set.

-gnatB: Assume no invalid (bad) values except for ’Valid attribute use (Validity Checking).

-gnatc: Check syntax and semantics only (no code generation attempted). When the compiler is invoked by `gnatmake', if the switch `-gnatc' is only given to the compiler (after `-cargs' or in package Compiler of the project file, `gnatmake' will fail because it will not find the object file after compilation. If `gnatmake' is called with `-gnatc' as a builder switch (before `-cargs' or in package Builder of the project file) then `gnatmake' will not fail because it will not look for the object files after compilation, and it will not try to build and link.

-gnatC: Generate CodePeer intermediate format (no code generation attempted). This switch will generate an intermediate representation suitable for use by CodePeer (.scil files). This switch is not compatible with code generation (it will, among other things, disable some switches such as -gnatn, and enable others such as -gnata).

-gnatd: Specify debug options for the compiler. The string of characters after the `-gnatd' specify the specific debug options. The possible characters are 0-9, a-z, A-Z, optionally preceded by a dot. See compiler source file debug.adb for details of the implemented debug options. Certain debug options are relevant to applications programmers, and these are documented at appropriate points in this users guide.

-gnatD: Create expanded source files for source level debugging. This switch also suppresses generation of cross-reference information (see `-gnatx'). Note that this switch is not allowed if a previous -gnatR switch has been given, since these two switches are not compatible.

-gnateA

Check that the actual parameters of a subprogram call are not aliases of one another. To qualify as aliasing, the actuals must denote objects of a composite type, their memory locations must be identical or overlapping, and at least one of the corresponding formal parameters must be of mode OUT or IN OUT.

type Rec_Typ is record
   Data : Integer := 0;
end record;

function Self (Val : Rec_Typ) return Rec_Typ is
begin
   return Val;
end Self;

procedure Detect_Aliasing (Val_1 : in out Rec_Typ; Val_2 : Rec_Typ) is
begin
   null;
end Detect_Aliasing;

Obj : Rec_Typ;

Detect_Aliasing (Obj, Obj);
Detect_Aliasing (Obj, Self (Obj));

In the example above, the first call to Detect_Aliasing fails with a Program_Error at runtime because the actuals for Val_1 and Val_2 denote the same object. The second call executes without raising an exception because Self(Obj) produces an anonymous object which does not share the memory location of Obj.

-gnatec=`path': Specify a configuration pragma file (the equal sign is optional) (The Configuration Pragmas Files).

-gnateC: Generate CodePeer messages in a compiler-like format. This switch is only effective if `-gnatcC' is also specified and requires an installation of CodePeer.

-gnated: Disable atomic synchronization

-gnateDsymbol[=`value']: Defines a symbol, associated with value, for preprocessing. (Integrated Preprocessing).

-gnateE: Generate extra information in exception messages. In particular, display extra column information and the value and range associated with index and range check failures, and extra column information for access checks. In cases where the compiler is able to determine at compile time that a check will fail, it gives a warning, and the extra information is not produced at run time.

-gnatef: Display full source path name in brief error messages.

-gnateF: Check for overflow on all floating-point operations, including those for unconstrained predefined types. See description of pragma Check_Float_Overflow in GNAT RM.

-gnateg -gnatceg

The -gnatc switch must always be specified before this switch, e.g. -gnatceg. Generate a C header from the Ada input file. See Generating C Headers for Ada Specifications for more information.

-gnateG: Save result of preprocessing in a text file.

-gnatei`nnn': Set maximum number of instantiations during compilation of a single unit to nnn. This may be useful in increasing the default maximum of 8000 for the rare case when a single unit legitimately exceeds this limit.

-gnateI`nnn': Indicates that the source is a multi-unit source and that the index of the unit to compile is nnn. nnn needs to be a positive number and need to be a valid index in the multi-unit source.

-gnatel: This switch can be used with the static elaboration model to issue info messages showing where implicit pragma Elaborate and pragma Elaborate_All are generated. This is useful in diagnosing elaboration circularities caused by these implicit pragmas when using the static elaboration model. See See the section in this guide on elaboration checking for further details. These messages are not generated by default, and are intended only for temporary use when debugging circularity problems.

-gnateL: This switch turns off the info messages about implicit elaboration pragmas.

-gnatem=`path': Specify a mapping file (the equal sign is optional) (Units to Sources Mapping Files).

-gnatep=`file': Specify a preprocessing data file (the equal sign is optional) (Integrated Preprocessing).

-gnateP: Turn categorization dependency errors into warnings. Ada requires that units that WITH one another have compatible categories, for example a Pure unit cannot WITH a Preelaborate unit. If this switch is used, these errors become warnings (which can be ignored, or suppressed in the usual manner). This can be useful in some specialized circumstances such as the temporary use of special test software.

-gnateS: Synonym of `-fdump-scos', kept for backwards compatibility.

-gnatet=`path': Generate target dependent information. The format of the output file is described in the section about switch `-gnateT'.

-gnateT=`path'

Read target dependent information, such as endianness or sizes and alignments of base type. If this switch is passed, the default target dependent information of the compiler is replaced by the one read from the input file. This is used by tools other than the compiler, e.g. to do semantic analysis of programs that will run on some other target than the machine on which the tool is run.

The following target dependent values should be defined, where Nat denotes a natural integer value, Pos denotes a positive integer value, and fields marked with a question mark are boolean fields, where a value of 0 is False, and a value of 1 is True:

Bits_BE                    : Nat; -- Bits stored big-endian?
Bits_Per_Unit              : Pos; -- Bits in a storage unit
Bits_Per_Word              : Pos; -- Bits in a word
Bytes_BE                   : Nat; -- Bytes stored big-endian?
Char_Size                  : Pos; -- Standard.Character'Size
Double_Float_Alignment     : Nat; -- Alignment of double float
Double_Scalar_Alignment    : Nat; -- Alignment of double length scalar
Double_Size                : Pos; -- Standard.Long_Float'Size
Float_Size                 : Pos; -- Standard.Float'Size
Float_Words_BE             : Nat; -- Float words stored big-endian?
Int_Size                   : Pos; -- Standard.Integer'Size
Long_Double_Size           : Pos; -- Standard.Long_Long_Float'Size
Long_Long_Size             : Pos; -- Standard.Long_Long_Integer'Size
Long_Size                  : Pos; -- Standard.Long_Integer'Size
Maximum_Alignment          : Pos; -- Maximum permitted alignment
Max_Unaligned_Field        : Pos; -- Maximum size for unaligned bit field
Pointer_Size               : Pos; -- System.Address'Size
Short_Enums                : Nat; -- Short foreign convention enums?
Short_Size                 : Pos; -- Standard.Short_Integer'Size
Strict_Alignment           : Nat; -- Strict alignment?
System_Allocator_Alignment : Nat; -- Alignment for malloc calls
Wchar_T_Size               : Pos; -- Interfaces.C.wchar_t'Size
Words_BE                   : Nat; -- Words stored big-endian?

The format of the input file is as follows. First come the values of the variables defined above, with one line per value:

name  value

where name is the name of the parameter, spelled out in full, and cased as in the above list, and value is an unsigned decimal integer. Two or more blanks separates the name from the value.

All the variables must be present, in alphabetical order (i.e. the same order as the list above).

Then there is a blank line to separate the two parts of the file. Then come the lines showing the floating-point types to be registered, with one line per registered mode:

name  digs float_rep size alignment

where name is the string name of the type (which can have single spaces embedded in the name (e.g. long double), digs is the number of digits for the floating-point type, float_rep is the float representation (I/V/A for IEEE-754-Binary, Vax_Native, AAMP), size is the size in bits, alignment is the alignment in bits. The name is followed by at least two blanks, fields are separated by at least one blank, and a LF character immediately follows the alignment field.

Here is an example of a target parameterization file:

Bits_BE                       0
Bits_Per_Unit                 8
Bits_Per_Word                64
Bytes_BE                      0
Char_Size                     8
Double_Float_Alignment        0
Double_Scalar_Alignment       0
Double_Size                  64
Float_Size                   32
Float_Words_BE                0
Int_Size                     64
Long_Double_Size            128
Long_Long_Size               64
Long_Size                    64
Maximum_Alignment            16
Max_Unaligned_Field          64
Pointer_Size                 64
Short_Size                   16
Strict_Alignment              0
System_Allocator_Alignment   16
Wchar_T_Size                 32
Words_BE                      0

float         15  I  64  64
double        15  I  64  64
long double   18  I  80 128
TF            33  I 128 128

-gnateu: Ignore unrecognized validity, warning, and style switches that appear after this switch is given. This may be useful when compiling sources developed on a later version of the compiler with an earlier version. Of course the earlier version must support this switch.

-gnateV: Check that all actual parameters of a subprogram call are valid according to the rules of validity checking (Validity Checking).

-gnateY: Ignore all STYLE_CHECKS pragmas. Full legality checks are still carried out, but the pragmas have no effect on what style checks are active. This allows all style checking options to be controlled from the command line.

-gnatE: Full dynamic elaboration checks.

-gnatf: Full errors. Multiple errors per line, all undefined references, do not attempt to suppress cascaded errors.

-gnatF: Externals names are folded to all uppercase.

-gnatg: Internal GNAT implementation mode. This should not be used for applications programs, it is intended only for use by the compiler and its run-time library. For documentation, see the GNAT sources. Note that `-gnatg' implies `-gnatw.ge' and `-gnatyg' so that all standard warnings and all standard style options are turned on. All warnings and style messages are treated as errors.

-gnatG=nn: List generated expanded code in source form.

-gnath: Output usage information. The output is written to stdout.

-gnati`c': Identifier character set (c = 1/2/3/4/8/9/p/f/n/w). For details of the possible selections for c, see Character Set Control.

-gnatI

Ignore representation clauses. When this switch is used, representation clauses are treated as comments. This is useful when initially porting code where you want to ignore rep clause problems, and also for compiling foreign code (particularly for use with ASIS). The representation clauses that are ignored are: enumeration_representation_clause, record_representation_clause, and attribute_definition_clause for the following attributes: Address, Alignment, Bit_Order, Component_Size, Machine_Radix, Object_Size, Size, Small, Stream_Size, and Value_Size. Note that this option should be used only for compiling – the code is likely to malfunction at run time.

Note that when -gnatct is used to generate trees for input into ASIS tools, these representation clauses are removed from the tree and ignored. This means that the tool will not see them.

-gnatj`nn': Reformat error messages to fit on nn character lines

-gnatk=`n': Limit file names to n (1-999) characters (k = krunch).

-gnatl: Output full source listing with embedded error messages.

-gnatL: Used in conjunction with -gnatG or -gnatD to intersperse original source lines (as comment lines with line numbers) in the expanded source output.

-gnatm=`n': Limit number of detected error or warning messages to n where n is in the range 1..999999. The default setting if no switch is given is 9999. If the number of warnings reaches this limit, then a message is output and further warnings are suppressed, but the compilation is continued. If the number of error messages reaches this limit, then a message is output and the compilation is abandoned. The equal sign here is optional. A value of zero means that no limit applies.

-gnatn[12]: Activate inlining across modules for subprograms for which pragma Inline is specified. This inlining is performed by the GCC back-end. An optional digit sets the inlining level: 1 for moderate inlining across modules or 2 for full inlining across modules. If no inlining level is specified, the compiler will pick it based on the optimization level.

-gnatN

Activate front end inlining for subprograms for which pragma Inline is specified. This inlining is performed by the front end and will be visible in the `-gnatG' output.

When using a gcc-based back end (in practice this means using any version of GNAT other than the JGNAT, .NET or GNAAMP versions), then the use of `-gnatN' is deprecated, and the use of `-gnatn' is preferred. Historically front end inlining was more extensive than the gcc back end inlining, but that is no longer the case.

-gnato0: Suppresses overflow checking. This causes the behavior of the compiler to match the default for older versions where overflow checking was suppressed by default. This is equivalent to having pragma Suppress (Overflow_Mode) in a configuration pragma file.

-gnato??

Set default mode for handling generation of code to avoid intermediate arithmetic overflow. Here ?? is two digits, a single digit, or nothing. Each digit is one of the digits 1 through 3:

Digit	Interpretation
`1'	All intermediate overflows checked against base type (STRICT)
`2'	Minimize intermediate overflows (MINIMIZED)
`3'	Eliminate intermediate overflows (ELIMINATED)

If only one digit appears, then it applies to all cases; if two digits are given, then the first applies outside assertions, pre/postconditions, and type invariants, and the second applies within assertions, pre/postconditions, and type invariants.

If no digits follow the `-gnato', then it is equivalent to `-gnato11', causing all intermediate overflows to be handled in strict mode.

This switch also causes arithmetic overflow checking to be performed (as though pragma Unsuppress (Overflow_Mode) had been specified).

The default if no option `-gnato' is given is that overflow handling is in STRICT mode (computations done using the base type), and that overflow checking is enabled.

Note that division by zero is a separate check that is not controlled by this switch (divide-by-zero checking is on by default).

`n'	Effect
`0'	No optimization, the default setting if no `-O' appears
`1'	Normal optimization, the default if you specify `-O' without an operand. A good compromise between code quality and compilation time.
`2'	Extensive optimization, may improve execution time, possibly at the cost of substantially increased compilation time.
`3'	Same as `-O2', and also includes inline expansion for small subprograms in the same unit.
`s'	Optimize space usage