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16.8.7 Defining Machine-Specific Constraints

Machine-specific constraints fall into two categories: register and non-register constraints. Within the latter category, constraints which allow subsets of all possible memory or address operands should be specially marked, to give reload more information.

Machine-specific constraints can be given names of arbitrary length, but they must be entirely composed of letters, digits, underscores (‘_’), and angle brackets (‘< >’). Like C identifiers, they must begin with a letter or underscore.

In order to avoid ambiguity in operand constraint strings, no constraint can have a name that begins with any other constraint's name. For example, if x is defined as a constraint name, xy may not be, and vice versa. As a consequence of this rule, no constraint may begin with one of the generic constraint letters: ‘E F V X g i m n o p r s’.

Register constraints correspond directly to register classes. See Register Classes. There is thus not much flexibility in their definitions.

— MD Expression: define_register_constraint name regclass docstring

All three arguments are string constants. name is the name of the constraint, as it will appear in match_operand expressions. If name is a multi-letter constraint its length shall be the same for all constraints starting with the same letter. regclass can be either the name of the corresponding register class (see Register Classes), or a C expression which evaluates to the appropriate register class. If it is an expression, it must have no side effects, and it cannot look at the operand. The usual use of expressions is to map some register constraints to NO_REGS when the register class is not available on a given subarchitecture.

docstring is a sentence documenting the meaning of the constraint. Docstrings are explained further below.

Non-register constraints are more like predicates: the constraint definition gives a Boolean expression which indicates whether the constraint matches.

— MD Expression: define_constraint name docstring exp

The name and docstring arguments are the same as for define_register_constraint, but note that the docstring comes immediately after the name for these expressions. exp is an RTL expression, obeying the same rules as the RTL expressions in predicate definitions. See Defining Predicates, for details. If it evaluates true, the constraint matches; if it evaluates false, it doesn't. Constraint expressions should indicate which RTL codes they might match, just like predicate expressions.

match_test C expressions have access to the following variables:

op
The RTL object defining the operand.
mode
The machine mode of op.
ival
‘INTVAL (op)’, if op is a const_int.
hval
‘CONST_DOUBLE_HIGH (op)’, if op is an integer const_double.
lval
‘CONST_DOUBLE_LOW (op)’, if op is an integer const_double.
rval
‘CONST_DOUBLE_REAL_VALUE (op)’, if op is a floating-point const_double.

The *val variables should only be used once another piece of the expression has verified that op is the appropriate kind of RTL object.

Most non-register constraints should be defined with define_constraint. The remaining two definition expressions are only appropriate for constraints that should be handled specially by reload if they fail to match.

— MD Expression: define_memory_constraint name docstring exp

Use this expression for constraints that match a subset of all memory operands: that is, reload can make them match by converting the operand to the form ‘(mem (reg X))’, where X is a base register (from the register class specified by BASE_REG_CLASS, see Register Classes).

For example, on the S/390, some instructions do not accept arbitrary memory references, but only those that do not make use of an index register. The constraint letter ‘Q’ is defined to represent a memory address of this type. If ‘Q’ is defined with define_memory_constraint, a ‘Q’ constraint can handle any memory operand, because reload knows it can simply copy the memory address into a base register if required. This is analogous to the way an ‘o’ constraint can handle any memory operand.

The syntax and semantics are otherwise identical to define_constraint.

— MD Expression: define_special_memory_constraint name docstring exp

Use this expression for constraints that match a subset of all memory operands: that is, reload can not make them match by reloading the address as it is described for define_memory_constraint or such address reload is undesirable with the performance point of view.

For example, define_special_memory_constraint can be useful if specifically aligned memory is necessary or desirable for some insn operand.

The syntax and semantics are otherwise identical to define_constraint.

— MD Expression: define_address_constraint name docstring exp

Use this expression for constraints that match a subset of all address operands: that is, reload can make the constraint match by converting the operand to the form ‘(reg X)’, again with X a base register.

Constraints defined with define_address_constraint can only be used with the address_operand predicate, or machine-specific predicates that work the same way. They are treated analogously to the generic ‘p’ constraint.

The syntax and semantics are otherwise identical to define_constraint.

For historical reasons, names beginning with the letters ‘G H’ are reserved for constraints that match only const_doubles, and names beginning with the letters ‘I J K L M N O P’ are reserved for constraints that match only const_ints. This may change in the future. For the time being, constraints with these names must be written in a stylized form, so that genpreds can tell you did it correctly: 

     (define_constraint "[GHIJKLMNOP]..."
       "doc..."
       (and (match_code "const_int")  ; const_double for G/H
            condition...))            ; usually a match_test

It is fine to use names beginning with other letters for constraints that match const_doubles or const_ints.

Each docstring in a constraint definition should be one or more complete sentences, marked up in Texinfo format. They are currently unused. In the future they will be copied into the GCC manual, in Machine Constraints, replacing the hand-maintained tables currently found in that section. Also, in the future the compiler may use this to give more helpful diagnostics when poor choice of asm constraints causes a reload failure.

If you put the pseudo-Texinfo directive ‘@internal’ at the beginning of a docstring, then (in the future) it will appear only in the internals manual's version of the machine-specific constraint tables. Use this for constraints that should not appear in asm statements.